YDS BILINMESI GEREKENLER
1: Present Simple: do/does + V1, V1, V(e)s – am/is/are + isim veya sifat – Passive Sekli: am/is/are + V3 – Gelirim – giderim – izlerim – yazilir – yapilir – kullanilir.
Always
Usually
Generally
Occasionally
Frequently
Often
Hardly ever
Seldom
Scarcely
Rarely
Every + time
Every day
Every year
Once a week
Twice a year
Four times a day
On Fridays
At the weekends
Kullanim alanlari
- Bilimsel gercekler ve doga kanunlari
- Evrensel gercekler
- Genel kurallar
- Duzenli yapilan eylemler ve aliskanliklar
- Timetable ( planlanan olaylar.
2: Present Continuous: am/is/are + Ving – passive sekli : am/is/are + being + V3
Yapiyorum , izliyorum, geliyorum – yapiliyor- gonderiliyor, temizleniyor.
Now
Currently
At this very moment
At present
Presently
For the time being
At the present time
Every passing minute
Look!
Listen!
Nowadays
These days
What a beautiful night!
Steadily
Rapidly
Continuously
Constantly
Just this tim
3: Present Perfect Tense : Have / Has + V3 Passive sekli – have/has been + V3
Calismaktayim, kullanmaktayim, izlemekteyim, yeni temizledim – temizlenmekte, henuz gonderildi, yapildi)
Since 1980
Since 2000
Since then
Ever since
Since I was born
Since she came here
Since + ozne + V2 gelir
For a long time
For two decades
For two hours
For five years now
Just
Yet
Already
Still
So far
Thus far
Up till now
Until now
By now
Up to now
Hitherto
Recently – recent
In recent years
During the recent days
Lately
All my life – all day- all night
All week, all this month
My whole life
Two times, three times
Several time this month
Many times
Many times this year
How long ….?
In my life
Never
Ever
In past + five years
Over + the + ten days
For last + few weeks
During six hours
It first, second, third time, student, patient, …
+ is the + best, worst, longest + isim book, film, city,… + perfect tense
This most beautiful girl, country,…
4: Past Simple: did – didn’t + V1, V2 – was/ were + isim veya sifat
Passive sekli: was/were+ V3
Yazdim, gonderdim, temizledim, yapti, satti – passive: yapildi, kirildi, edildi.
Yesterday
Last + zaman
Last week
Last year
Last week
In 1980
In 2010
Previous + zaman
Previous week
Previous year
Zaman + ago
Two years ago
Two weeks ago
Five hours ago
The other day
At that time
During the world war II
During the 19th century
How long ago …?
From 1980 to 2000
Between 2005 and 2010
Since + Ozne + Past simple –since I saw
It is time + Ozne
It is high time+ Ozne
It is time you went
It is high time she went
I would rather + Ozne + past Simple
I would rather you watched
I would sooner she wantched
In the seventeenth century
At the beginning of the twentieth century
5: Past CONTINUOUS : was/were + Ving – Passive sekli : was / were + being V3
Yapiyordum, oynuyordu, izliyordu – passive: yapiliyordu, gonderiliyordu, izleniyordu
While + past cont. (iken)
Just as + Past cont
As + past cont.
This time yesterday
This time last year
At five yesterday
Between 10:00 and 12:00 yesterday
At the time of the accident
6: Past Perfect Tense: had V3 – passive sekli: had been V3
Yapmistim, gondermistim, satmisti, olmustu : passive – yazilabilmisti.
By the time + past simple – Past perfect
Never …… before.
The night before.
The year before.
Before.
Earlier.
By then
I regretted / noticed / found / felt / expected / realized that + had V3 (Onemli)
7: Past Perfect Continuous: had been+ Ving
When
By the time + Past simple gelirse 2. Cumlede for + zaman var ise had been +Ving
Before
FUTURE
8: Simple Future: Will + V1 – am/is are going to + V1 – Present Modals + V1 (can, may, should, had better, ought to, must, have to, shall … etc. + V1.)
Passive sekli: Will be + V3 – am/is/are going to + be + V3 – Modals + be + V3
Yapacak – izleyecek, kullanacagim – kullanilacak, temizlenecek.
Tomorrow
Tomorrow morning …
Next + zaman
Next week
Next year
Next meeting
Next weekend
Soon
Before long
In two years
This evening
In a month
In a week
Five days later
Six days later
From now on
In 2020
In the future
Threat
think
assume
hope
Ozne + predict Ozne + Will + V1 ( %80) – Am/is/are going to + V1 – Modals + V1
investigate
imagine
suppose
swear
quarantee
warn
request
expect
I am sure
I am afraid
promise
It is probable / possible / likely / unlikely that + will
9: Future Continuous : Will be + Ving – Passive Sekli will being + V3
Yapiyor olacagim – izliyor olacak – izleniyor olacak
This time tomorrow
This time next week
At this time next year
All the day tomorrow
Three days from now
…… which is due tomorrow
In a few hours
Between 10:00 and 12:00 tomorrow / in the afternoon …
10: Future Perfect Tense: Will have + V3 – Passive Sekli : Will have been + V3
Yapmis olacagim, bitirmis olacak – Yapilmis olacak – gonderilmis olacak.
By + Zaman
By tomorrow
By next week
By may
By next April
By the end of the year
By the end of the week
Before then
By sunset tomorrow
In two weeks
In a month
By the year 2023
By the time + Present Simple – Will have V3 (Onemli)
11: Future Perfect Continuous Tense : Will have been + Ving : by – for
Note: Bu tense icin yine Future Perfect Tense zaman ifadeleri olmasi gerekir. Ancak burda continuous olmasi icin ayrica For + zaman Olmasi gerekir.
By + Zaman – For + zaman
By the time you come here we will have been watching TV for 3 hours
By the end of next year I will have been working in this company for 10 years.
12: Future in the Past : was/were going to + V1 – would + V1
Passive sekli : was/were going to be + V3 – would be + V3
Gecmisteki gelecek: Yapacaktim, arayacaktim, yapilacakti, temizlenecekti Fakat…
We were going to visit you in the hospital but my friend died so we couldn’t.
She said she would clean the living room.
He knew that she would accept his offer before long.
Tenses Notes
1: Zaman uyumuna dikkat etmeliyiz.
2: zaman baglaclarindan hemen sonra`will – be going to / would Gelmez.
When I will – olmaz. Until I would see olmaz.
3: Past Perfect (Had V3 – Had been Ving ) Past simple olmadan calismaz.
4: Future (will – Be going to) present simple yada present perfect olmadan calismaz.
5: Zaman baglaclarinda present perfect / present perfect yan yana gelmez.
Ayrica past perfect – past perfect ve future perfect – future perfect olmaz.
When she has come, I have just left olmaz. Yani asagidaki siklar elenir. Yanlistir.
- have done / has listened/ has been reading
- had called / had visited – had been using
- will have finished / will have listened / will have been listening.
6: Would have V3 : if + had V3 (type -3) yada if anlami veren yapilar olmadan calismaz.
7: By the time ve before dan hemen sonra had V3 kullanilmaz.
Before he had called me … olmaz.
8: After, as soon as, once yapilarinda 2. Cumlede Had V3 kullanilmaz
After I came she had left olmaz.
9: No sooner …. Than ile , scarcely/ hardly …. When ile calisir ve ilk cumle had V3 olur.
She had no sooner arrived in Malaysia than she was called back.
He had scarcely called me when I left the room.
Bu yapilar cumle basinda gelirse devrik olarak kullanilir.
No sooner had she arrived in Malaysia than she was called back
10: Zaman baglaclarindan hemen sonra Present Simple veya Present Perfect geldiginde,
diger cumlede Present perfect Tense gelmez.
When I arrive, I have finished olmaz.
12: Before
After
Until/till Bu baglaclarin bulunduğu yan cümlelerde continuous tense
By the time kullanılmaz.
Since
As soon as
13: Eger bosluktan sonra By + isim var ise boslukda Passive yapi gelir.
The report which was prepared by the factory …..
14: Causitives (ettirgen yapilar)
Have / get something done
Have somebody do smt
Get somebody to do smt
Make somebody do smt Passive ( was made to + V1)
Let somebody do smt
Help somebody (to) v1
15: allow, assist, compel, convince, employ, encourage, force, hire, motivate, permit, require + Subject to V1 – permit me to go – allow her to sleep.
16: Would rather V1 than v1 (Tercih etmek – yeglemek)
I would rather drink coffee than drink tea.
Would rather subject V2 than V2
I would rather you told the truth than told lie.
Would rather have V3 than have V3 (past)
I would rather have stayed in Turkey than have gone abroad last year.
Would prefer to V1 than to V1
I would prefer to learn English than to learn German.
Would prefer subject to V1 to V1
I prefer tea to coffee.
I prefer dancing to swimming.
17: if clauses
Type 0 – If + Present Simple – Present Simple
Type 1 – if + present simple /present perfect / have to / can – will / modals 1
Type 2 – if + past simple / were/ had to / could – would / could / might +V1
Type 3 – if + past perfect – would have V3 / could have V3 / Perfect Modals
Mix Type 1 – if + Past perfect Tense – would / could + V1 (now, today)
Mix Type 2 – if + Past Simple – would have V3
18: Unless + Present Simple / present perfect – will + V1 / Modal 1 + V1
Unless + Pas Simple – would / could
19: Providing (that)
Provided (that) 1: Present Simple – will / can / may / Modal 1
As long as / so long as Present Perfect
On condition that
Even if
In case 2: Past Simple – would / could / might
Suppose (that)
Supposing (that)
20: Only if 1: Present Simple/Present Perfect – can they – will they +V1(2. cumle
Only when devamli devrik olur.
21: If only (I wish) 1: Past perfect Tense – would have V3 / Perfect Modals
2: Past Simple – would/could + V1
22: Devrik – If yapilari
Type 1 – should I see Ali, I will speak with him.
Type 2 – were I to you, I would help him
Type 3 – had she called me, I would have participated in this meeting.
23: wish clauses
1: I wish + Past Simple / would +V1 – Farazi konusmalar. I wish I had a car
2: I wish + Past Perfect Tense – Pismanlik – I wish I had taken my pen
3: I wish + would – could + V1 – gelecek ile ilgili istekler. I wish she could call me soon.
Not: Wish yapisinda Present, future ve Modal 1 ifadeleri gelmez. I wish I will olmaz.
24: Noun Clauses
1: That
I believe that she will pass the exam. I know that she will come soon. (nesne gorevinde)
That she will pass the exam is believed. That She will come soon is know. (Ozne)
2: Whether / if – or not
I don’t know whether /if she can answer all of the questions or not. (nesne gorevinde)
Whether she can answer all of the questions or not is not known. (ozne Gorevinde)
Not: IF noun clause olarak cumle basinda kullanilamaz.
3: WH questions
I want to learn when she will call you.
Please ask him how he wants his coffee.
Not:1
Opinion
Belief
Contention
Assumption
Fear bu isimler yanlarına that almayı severler.
Idea
Fact
Claim
Clear
Obvious
True
Certain
Interesting kendilerinden sonra that almayı severler.
Surprising
A shame
Pity
Disturbing
Dreadful
Know
Say
Indicate
Tell
Not: 2
learn
explain
wonder + whether / that / WH questions(noun clause) gelir.
I depend on
remember I wonder why he is reading this magazine.
understand
ask
don’t know
4: That – kullanimi
1: Virgülden sonra that kullanılmaz (non-defining relative clause)
2: Preposition (edat) dan sonra that kullanılmaz. ( on that – of that – for that)
3: all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, little, few, much dan sonra that
kullanılır. There’s something that I should tell you.
4: Superlative` lerden sonra that kullanılır.
It was the best film that I’ve ever seen.
4: Subjunctives Yapilari: Bu yapilardan sonra `should + V1` gelir. Genellikle should kullanilmadigindan fiil V1 seklinde gelir. Ayrica passive yapisi ise (should ) be V3 olur.
It is crucial
It is important you should obey the traffic rules.
It is significant she send the mail soon.
It is vital
It is mandatory that the letter (should) be written by the manager.
It is imperative
It is essential all the task be completed on time.
importance
significance
urgency
5: Bosluktan once sifat veya zarf var ise how veya however gelir.
——— beautiful she is burda sadece however gelir
——— could you tell me ——– strong it is – Burda how gelir.
6: Bosluktan sonra WH question var ise sadece No Matter gelir.
No matter what she says, we will go on watching this film.
However + sıfat
However + zarf
No matter + soru sözcüğü
25: Adjective Clause
1: Bosluktan onceki ismi nitelerler. Buyuzden bosluktan once isim var ise;
( the manager ———– lives in upstairs will come us tonight. Burda Who gelir.
who Ali who is a teacher has a car.
Insanlar icin – whom + ozne The person whom I called is Ahmet
whose + isim. The writer whose name is Hasan is writing a new book. Edat, of, for, on,+ whom He is a good person to whom you should listen.
Some of/most of whom There are some doctors, some of whom I know.
Nesneler ve hayvanlar icin – Which/That; the car which is blue is mine.
Edat, on, of, at, in + which There are some books in which a girl loves a man.
Most of, some of + which I have many cars, some of which are very expensive.
Zaman icin – when/on which ; I know the day when we met. 1923 when/in which is….
At which / In which tha day on which … 12.00 at which
At which This is the airport at which she works.
Yerler (places)icin – where There is a restaurant where I had dinner with her.
In which There is a restaurant in which I had dinner with her.
Not 1: Bosluktan once;
The method
The way in which gelir. The situation in which she …
The situation
The condition
The manner
Sebep – the reason – why/for which: The reason why she came her is to inform us about him.
Note 2:
Where The place where She….
When The day when I….
Why + ozne gelir. The reason why they …..
Whose The man whose name …
Whom The manager whom I ….
In which
On which
At which
Fakat of whom dan sonra Fiil gelebilir.
Non- defining; iki virgule arasinda kullanilir. (,_______,) burda That kullanilmaz.
Turgut Ozal, who is the 8th president of Turkey, died in 1993.
The BMV, which is very famous, produces very quality cars.
Relative clause cikarim:
1: Nesne gorevinde relative clause kullanilmayabilir.
The lady whom you met is Mrs. Alice.
The lady you met is Mrs. Alice.
2: Fakat ozne gorevinde cikarim yapilirken yapi degisir. Cumle aktif ise Ving gelir, Passive ise V3.
The man who lives in this home is Ahmet Celebi
The man living in this home is Ahmet Celebi.
Please call the person who came here yesterday.
Please call the person coming here yesterday.
Did you visit the Selimiye Mosque which was built by Mimar Sinan.
Did you visit the Selimiye Mosque built by Mimar Sinan.
2: infinitive `to` kullanilmasi.
She is the only person who works here. She is the only person to work here.
Ali is the first man who finished the race. Ali is the first man to finish the race.
Ayse is the best student who plays the piano. Ayse is the best student to play the piano.
The first
The third person
The next car to come
The last man to + v1 (aktif ise)
The only manager to be + V3 (passive ise)
The best way to be solved
The worst
3: whose ve of which kullanimi. The isim of which… isim whose isim.
Can you repair the chair whose legs are broken?
Can you repair the chair the legs of which are broken?
Note: what, whatever, how, wherever, sadece Noun clause olarak kullanilir.
26:
Be used to
Get used to
Be accustomed to
Get accustomed to
Look forward to
Be opposed to
Object to
Feel like
Can’t help + Ving
Can’t stand
Can’t bear
It is no use
It is no good
It is worth
In the habit of
There is no point in
Feel like
It is a waste of time/money
To have difficulty / trouble /problems
To have a hard time / a-an bad-good-hard/ enjoyable time
Without
By
27: Baglaclar – conjunction
1: Zaman Baglaclari
after, before, by the time, until, till, since, as long as, while, as, when, whenever, once, as soon as, immediately, now that, the last time, at that time.
2: Neden – Sonuc
Because
Since
As / now that 1: devamli cumle gelir. (oldugu icin, den dolayi)
Inasmuch as
On the grounds that 2: Es anlamli olduklari icin beraber kullanilmalarinda elenirler.
Seeing that/ in that
Due to the fact that
Owing to the fact that
Because of the fact that
In view of the fact that
3:
Because of 1: isimle kullanilir. Cumle gelmez. (den dolayi – oldugu icin)
Due to
Owing to
In view of
On account of
Thanks to
4: Sonuc bildiren baglaclar: (noktalama işaretlerine dikkat ediniz!)
Cause Effect
People eat fast and carelessly; therefore, they become very fat. (… sonucunda)
as a result,
as a result of this,
consequently,
as a consequence of this,
because of this,
thus/hence
Ayşe went to the bed late last night, so she couldn’t get up early.
Ayşe went to the bed so much late that she couldn’t get up early.
Ali ate apples such large numbers that he became ill.
5: Benzerlik
SIMILARLY, LIKEWISE, IN THE SAME WAY, EQUALLY (Aynı şekilde, bunun gibi)
6: Aciklama
That is, in other words, that is to say, I mean: (diyeceğim o ki, yani, başka bir deyişle)
6: Amac (purpose)
So that (…sin diye , mak için, amacıyla)
In order that
For the purpose that genelde present durumlarda Can – past durumlarda Could gelir
In order to
So as to + V1 ( icin) devamli fiillerle kullanilir.
To
Lest – Korkusuyla – endisesiyle – devamli Should ile kullanilir.
For fear that – Korkusuyla Endisesiyle.
With the intention that – Niyetiyle
With the hope that umidiyle
In the hope that
7: Zitlik bildiren baglaclar
While (e karşın, iken, halde)
Whereas Ozneler farkli olmasi gerekir.
Whilts
Although
Even though … e ragmen
Though
Much as Cumle gelir
In spite of the fact that genelde ozneler ayni olur.
Despite the fact that
In spite of (e ragmen) isim gelir. Cumle gelmez
Despite
However + adjectives / adverbs gelir
No matter + WH questions ile calisir.
He attended the courses; however, he couldn’t enter the university.(yine de)
It was rainy. However, the children were playing out. (buna rağmen; yine de)
Nevertheless,
Nonetheless,
Still, the children were playing out. (ama yine de)
but /yet the children were still playing out.
but the children were playing out anyway.
In contrast to
Unlike
Contrasting to + Noun (isim) — aksine – tersine – zittina
Contrary to
As opposed to
In contrast
By contrast
On the contrary + cumle gelir. Tersine – aksine
To the contrary
Conversely
ON THE ONE HAND, …. ON THE OTHER HAND
8: Ayni fikri devam ettirme
I want to buy that house. It has four rooms and big balconies. Moreover, it has a beautiful garden.
Furthermore, ek olarak
In addition, bunun yaninda
Besides, + , cumle
What’s more,
Don’t buy an old car. It often needs repairing; moreover, besides / in addition / furthermore it uses much petrol.
In adition to
Besides + isim gelir. Bunun yaninda – ek olarak
As well as
During – + isim (surec bildirir.) during the flight – during the trip…
Such as – gibi , ornek vermek
Appear
Act 1: iki cumleyi baglamaz. Fiilden sonra gelir. Cogunlukla
Look kendisinden once gelen fiilin bir derece pastini alir.
Treat As though … mis gibi
Behave + As if
Speak
Seem
Whereby – onunla – onun vasitasiyla – Eş anlamlısı: by means of which – through which.
A system, a method, a scheme gibi isimleri izleyen bir bağlaçtır.
Apart from: Olumlu cumlede And (ve) – Olumsuz cumelede Except (haric) anlamina gelir.
As far as / so far as : genelde I know – I remember – i am concerned gibi yapilar ile calisir.
As far as I know – Bildigim kadariyla / As far as the interest rates are concerned ..
JUST AS
1: just as + past cont. = while. Just as I was leaving, the phone rang.
2: Just as you predicted, it is raining now. Tahmin ettigin gibi, yagmur yagiyor.
Onemli Kelimeler
Distinct from
Suffer from
Refrain from
Indulge in
Interfere with
Consist of
Talk about/to/with
Afraid of
Aware of
Capable of
Vote for
Wait fro
Watch for
Focus on
Depend on/upon
Rely on/upon
Insist on
Persist in
Cooperation with
Related to
Accompanied by
Threaten with
Thank for
Tired of
Think about/of
Exposure to
Range from
Regardless off
Emerge from
Agree with S.O on STH
Cope with
Comply with
Deal with
Parity with
Take into consideration
Scattered across
Extinct for
Marked in
Responsible for