TENSE

Present Simple:

• Always,Usually,Sometimes,Never,Ever,Often….
• Every day, Every summer, Once a day…
• Most of the time, Most of the winter…
• Exact Time (when the tense refers to a future action)

Present Continuous:

• Look! Listen!
• Still
• At the moment, Now
• These days, Nowadays
• Tonight, Tomorrow
• This Saturday
• More and more …, Day by day..

Present perfect:

• Already, Yet, Just, For, Since, Ever, Never, So far, Up to now, Recently, Lately, Three times, Several Times, In recent years, Over the years, In the last few years

Present Perfect Continuous:

• All (morning,week..), Since, For

Past Simple:

• Yesterday, ……..ago, Last…., In 1970, in the 12^th century, Previous night, The first time, In prehistoric times, In the past two years, originally

Past Perfect:

• Since this sentence cannot be used without past simple, we have to use before and after.

After + past perfect

Before + past simple

• Earlier

Past Continuous:

• Since this sentence cannot be used without past simple, we have to use when and after.

While, As + Past Continuous

When + Past Simple

Past Perfect Continuous:

• All

Will / To be going to:

• Next …, Tomorrow.

Future Continuos:

• At this time tomorrow, At this time next year

Future Perfect:

• By 2010, by Tuesday

Future Perfect Continuous:

• All

Methods:

• By the time + past simple + past perfect

• By the time + present simple + will, must, had better…

• By (time) + future perfect

• Will, Had better, To be going to… + When + Present simple

“         “                   “                 As soon as        “

“         “                   “                 Until                 “

“         “                   “                 Before              “

“         “                   “                 After                “

“         “                   “                 Till                    “

 

• Any verb used in past simple + that + past perfect

• (With present usages) To be sure, To be certain, Know, Doubt, Expect Feel + Will

• (With past usages) To be sure, To be certain, Knew, Doubted, Felt, Expected + Would

• Present Simple, Present Continuous + Anymore

• If there is no clue in a sentence, look at the usage of definite article ‘the’. If those articles are used to emphasize that the words are defined, it means that the action took place in past. So, you can easily choose past tenses.

• If there is no clue and no definite article ‘the’ in a sentence, it shows you that the sentence is giving you a general information. In that case, you should choose present tenses.

IF CLAUSES

Zero type: If + present simple + present simple

If + present simple + imperative

(for natural events, for general truths)

Type I: If + present tenses + will, shall, can, must, should, may…

(for possibilities)

Type II: If + past simple + would, should, could, might…

(for unreal conditions)

Type III: If + past perfect + word have verb₃

(for regret)

Mix type: If + past perfect + would, should, could…

(for regret and complaint now)

Notes:

• After if clause any modal verb cannot be added into the sentence.
• Neither parts of the if clause can include modal verbs.

WISH

Wish + Past simple

(to express regret about present)

Wish + past perfect

(to express regret about past)

Wish + could

(to express ability or inability)

Wish + would

(to criticize someone’s character)

MODALS

May (past form is may have verb₃)

• Polite request
• Formal permission
• Less than % 50 certainty

Might (past form is might have verb₃)

• Polite eques
• Less than % 50 certainty

Should (past form is should have verb₃)

• Advisability
• %90 certainty

Ought to (past form is ought to have verb₃)

• Advisability
• %90 certainty

Must (past form is must have verb₃)

• Strong necessity
• Prohibition (negative)
• %95 certainty

Will (past form is will have verb₃)

• Willingness
• Plan but not for sure
• Polite request

Can (past form is can have verb₃)

• Ability (innate)
• Possibility
• Informal permission
• Informal polite request
• Impossibility (negative)

Be able to

• Talent

Could (past form is could have verb₃)

• Past ability
• Polite request
• Suggestion
• Less than %50 certainty
• Impossibility (negative)

ad better (never used with past form)

• Advisability with threat of bad result

Be supposed to

• Expectation

Be to

• Strong expectation

Have to

• Obligation
• Lack of necessity (negative)

Have got to

• Obligation

Be going to

• %100 certainty
• Definite plan

Would

• Polite request
• Preference
• Repeated action in the past

Used to

• Repeated action in the past

To be used to + verb_ing

• To be accustomed to something which started in the before.

To get used to + verb_ing

Shall

• Polite question to make a suggestion
• Future with ‘I’ or ‘we’ as subject

REDUCTION

• If a different time mentioned whether in the given part or in the asked part of the sentence, the answer should be with ‘have’.
• Look at the asked part of the sentence. If the subject can only be used in passive, so you can directly choose the passive one from the options given.
• Choose the shortest form of the passive. (for instance: warned / are warned)

PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE

• Passive (to be + verb₃) is used;
  • when the action is more important than the agent.
  • when we do not want to tell who does something.
  • when we don not know who does something.
• Causative (have/get something done) is used when we make someone do something.

ADJECTIVE & ADVERB

• Adjectives can either have –ing or –ed.
  • -ing adjectives are the reasonal adjectives whereas –ed adjectives are resulting adjectives.
• Comparision adjectives
  • When comparing two adjectives we use ‘more’ or ‘–er’ and ‘than’.
  • When comparing more than two objects we use superlative forms which means ‘most’ or ‘-est’ and a preposition.
  • If two things those are almost same to eachother willl be compared use ‘as + adjectives + as’
• Adverbs are used to describe the verbs.
  • We add –ly at the end of the adjectives to make them adverbs.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

• Who = people
• Where = places (in which any action occurs)
• Which = things (used generally with a comma)
• That = things and for people
• Whose = possessive (after there must be a noun)
• Why = to tell the reason
• When = to tell the time
• Whom = person (with a preposition)

GERUNDS & INFINITIVES

Verb + Gerund	Verb +Preposition +Gerund	Be +Adjective +Preposition +Gerund	Verb + Infinitive	Verb +Inifinitive or Gerund
acknowledge	adapt to	be accustomed to	agree	attempt
admit	adjust to	be afraid of	aim	begin
advise	agree (with) on	be angry about	afford	can/can’t bear
anticipate	apologize for	be ashamed of	appear	can/can’t stand
appreciate	approve of	be capable of	arrange	cease
avoid	argue about	be certain about	ask	continue
consider	ask about	be concerned with	care	forget
defend	believe in	be critical of	choose	go on
defer	blame for	be discouraged from	claim	hate
delay	care about	be enthusiastic about	consent	like
deny	complain about	be familiar with	dare	love
detest	consist of	be famous for	decide	neglect
discuss	decided on	be fond of	decline	prefer
dislike	depend on	be glad about	demand	regret
endure	disapprove of	be good at	deserve	propose
enjoy	discourage from	be happy about	desire	remember
escape	engage in	be interested in	expect	see
excuse	forgive for	be known for	fail	start
feel like	give up	be nervous about	guarantee	stop
finish	help with	be perfect for	happen	try
go	inquire about	be proud of	hope
imagine	insist on	be responsible for	intend
involve	interfere with	be sad about	know
keep	keep on	be successful in	learn
mention	look forward to	be suitable for	manage
mind (object to)	object to	be tired of	need
miss	participate in	be tolerant of	offer
need (passive)	persist in	be upset about	plan
omit	plan on	be used to	pledge
postpone	prepare for	be useful for	prepare
practice	profit from	be worried about	pretend
prevent	prohibit from		promise
quit	put off		refuse
recall	result from		resolve
recollect	succeed in		seem
recommend	suffer from		tend
regret	talk about		struggle
resent	take part in		swear
resist	there’s no point in		volunteer
resume	think about		wait
risk	warn about		want
suggest	work on		wish
tolerate	worry about		would like
understand

 

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